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Chagas disease -- a serious infection that may lead to heart disease and even death -- doesn't get much attention in the United States. Most people have never even heard of it. But in Latin America, this infectious illness is both a major threat and a high priority for health officials. In 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared an all-out assault on the disease in hopes of erasing it b...

What is tuberculosis? Tuberculosis, or TB, has been around for a long time -- the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates wrote about it, and TB germs have been found in Egyptian mummies and in bones dating back 5,000 years. Also called consumption and the "great white plague," TB was a leading cause of death in Europe and America until as recently as the 1940s. In the days before antibiotics, TB pat...

What is hantavirus? In 1993, a new medical mystery surfaced in the Four Corners area of the U.S. Southwest. It started when a young Navajo couple died within a few days of each other. Each had seemed perfectly healthy until a sudden illness left them gasping for breath. In each case, death came rapidly. Tests showed that they didn't have bubonic plague or any other known disease. After checking r...

Arthritis isn't supposed to be contagious. So when parents in the small village of Old Lyme, Connecticut, noticed an outbreak of joint pain among children, they had trouble getting doctors and health professionals to take them seriously. The year was 1975, a couple of years before anyone had heard of Lyme disease. When experts finally did start investigating the outbreak, it took a while to figur...

What is this illness called 'mad cow' disease? The illness got its name because cows afflicted with it stumble around as if they've lost their balance. They act demented (or "mad," as the British say) and quickly die of the disease. The cows actually have a fast-moving, irreversible brain disease. They are infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a degenerative central nervous system...

Not long ago, in the early 2000s, the disease known as "SARS" -- short for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome -- was causing panic in the countries affected by it. Thousands of people had been infected and hundreds killed by the new disease, a little-understood bug that traveled quickly around the globe. Even the economies of those areas hardest hit by the disease -- China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and To...

What is yellow fever? Yellow fever is a tropical disease caused by the yellow fever virus. It is spread by certain types of mosquitoes. There was a time when yellow fever was one of the most feared diseases in America. In the 1700s and 1800s, yellow fever killed more than 100,000 Americans from New Orleans to Boston. The last epidemic in this country ended in 1905, but yellow fever continues to ...

What is malaria? Malaria is a tropical disease that strikes up to 500 million people and causes close to 1 million deaths worldwide every year. It is caused by a type of single-celled parasite (protozoa) called plasmodium. Four species of plasmodium cause malaria; the most common is Plasmodium falciparum. The parasite is carried by anopheles mosquitoes. There are about 400 types of anopheles mosq...

When summer is in full swing, you can bet that people will want to be outdoors. Unfortunately, it's also the time that mosquitoes come out. You should take care to protect yourself from West Nile virus, one of many germs that mosquitoes can carry. The insects pick up the virus by feeding on infected birds and transmit the disease when they bite other animals. The virus has been found in many diffe...

In the 1800s, a germ native to India's Ganges Delta started spreading to other lands. One outbreak followed another, killing millions of people across the world. The germ is now known as Vibrio cholerae, and the disease is called cholera, an intestinal illness that causes violent and sometimes life-threatening diarrhea. Today, many people in the United States know about cholera largely through rom...

What is rabies? Rabies is one of the oldest diseases known to mankind, and it used to be cause for panic and hysteria. A Spanish neurologist even speculated that rabies may have spurred legends of vampires. Until recently, being bitten by a rabid animal was a death sentence. Even now, we can only prevent the disease, not treat it. Once symptoms appear, rabies is almost always fatal. Thanks to ef...

What's new Every year the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the American Academy of Family Physicians revise their schedule of childhood immunizations. In 1995, they added a vaccine that protects against the varicella virus which causes chicken pox; in 2000, they added one that fights pneumococcal bacteria, which cause pneumonia; and in 200...

If you've ever looked over the list of recommended vaccines -- DTaP, Hib, MMR -- you might have felt like you were looking at the rough draft of an eye chart. Rest assured, there are some import medicines behind that jumble of letters. It's worth knowing what those letters mean and what each vaccine can do. The more you know about vaccines, the more likely you'll be to keep yourself and your child...

Is there any way to avoid catching a cold? Cold viruses can lurk just about anywhere during cold and flu season, but that doesn't mean that you have to sniffle through the winter. A cold virus can't make you sick unless it finds a way into the upper reaches of your nose. If you can simply keep your fingers away from your nose and eyes (where tear ducts drain into your nasal cavity), you're unlik...

It has been only 20 years since the hepatitis C virus was first identified. In that time, an extraordinary amount of progress has been made in the fight against this virus. Still, much needs to be done. Improved diagnostic tests are needed to identify people infected with HCV more precisely and less expensively than is possible today. Better ways to prevent transmission are urgently needed. With ...

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